What is a flange

 

Flanges General

A flange is a method of connecting pipes, valves, pumps and other equipment to form a piping system. It also provides easy access for cleaning, inspection or modification. Flanges are usually welded or screwed. Flanged joints are made by bolting together two flanges with a gasket between them to provide a seal.

Types of Flanges The most used flange types in Petro and chemical industry are: Welding Neck Flange Slip On Flange Socket Weld Flange Lap Joint Flange Threaded Flange Blind Flange All types except the Lap Joint flange are provided with a raised flange face.

Special Flanges Except the most used standard flanges, there are still a number of special flanges such as: Orifice Flanges Long Welding Neck Flanges Weldoflange / Nipoflange Expander Flange Reducing Flange

Image of most common flange types.

Materials for Flanges

Pipe flanges are manufactured in all the different materials like stainless steel, cast iron, aluminium, brass, bronze, plastic etc. but the most used material is forged carbon steel and have machined surfaces.

In addition, flanges, like fittings and pipes, for specific purposes sometimes internally equipped with layers of materials of a completely different quality as the flanges themselves, which are “lined flanges”.

The material of a flange, is basically set during the choice of the pipe, in most cases, a flange is of the same material as the pipe.

All flanges, discussed on this website fall under the ASME en ASTM standards, unless otherwise indicated. ASME B16.5 describes dimensions, dimensional tolerances etc. and ASTM the different material qualities.

Dimensions of Flanges

Each flange ASME B16.5 has a number of standard dimensions. If a draftsman in Japan or a work preparer in Canada or a pipefitter in Australia is speaking about a Welding Neck flange 6″-150#-S40 ASME B16.5, then it goes over the flange which in the image here on the left is shown.

If the flange is ordered, the supplier want to know the material quality. For example ASTM A105 is a forged carbon steel flange, while A182 is a forged stainless steel flange.

So, in a correct order to a supplier two standards must be specified:
Welding Neck flange 6″-150#-S40-ASME B16.5 / ASTM A105.

Bolted Flange connections

A bolted flange connection is a complex combination of many factors (Flange, Bolts, Process, Temperature, Pressure, Medium).
All these various elements are interrelated and depend upon one another to achieve a successful result.
The reliability of the flanged joint depends critically upon competent control of the joint making process.

a typical bolted flange connection.

The industry has recognized the critical nature of installation and assembly for several years.
In Europe, the emphasis has been on ensuring that joint making is undertaken by trained and validated technicians and this has led to the publication of a European Technical standard: TS EN 1591 Part 4 entitled “Flanges and their joints. Design rules for gasketed circular flange connections. Qualification of personnel competency in the assembly of bolted joints fitted to equipment subject to the Pressure Equipment Directive (PED)”.

The standard provides a methodology for the training and assessment of technicians involved in the making and breaking of flange joints and can be viewed as being analogous to the training required for welders involved with pressure vessel work. Its publication demonstrates the importance placed upon the competent control of joint making process in ensuring leak-free performance from the flange.

The gasket is but one of many reasons a bolted flange joint connection can leak.
Even when all the complex inter-related components of a bolted joint flange connection work in perfect harmony, the single most important factor leading to success or failure of that bolted flange connection will be attention given to properinstallation and assembly procedures by the person installing the gasket. If done properly, the assembly will remain leak-free for the target life expectancy.

 

Flanged connections versus Welded connections

There are no standards that define whether or not flange connections may be used.

In a newly built factory is customary to minimize flange connections, because only one weld is needed to connect two pieces of pipe. This saves the costs of two flanges, the gasket, the Stud Bolts, the second weld, the cost of NDT for the second weld, etc..

Some other disadvantages of flange connections:

• Each flange connection can leak (some people claim that a flange connection is never 100 percent leak proof).
• Flanged pipe systems need much more space (just think of a pipe rack).
• Insulation of flanged pipe systems is more expensive (special flange caps).

Of course, flange connections have great benefits; some examples:

• A new line can contain multiple pipe spools and can be manufactured in a workshop.
• This pipe spools can be assembled in the plant without the need to be welded.
• NDO (X-ray, Hydro test etc.) in the plant is not necessary, because this has been done in the workshop.
• Blasting and painting in the plant is not necessary, because even this has been done in a workshop
  (only paint damages during installation should be repaired).

 

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Knowledge About Buttweld Fittings

 

Buttweld Fittings general

A pipe fitting is defined as a part used in a piping system, for changing direction, branching or for change of pipe diameter, and which is mechanically joined to the system. There are many different types of fittings and they are the same in all sizes and schedules as the pipe.
Fittings are pided into three groups:

• Buttweld (BW) fittings whose dimensions, dimensional tolerances et cetera are defined in the ASME B16.9 standards. Light-weight corrosion resistant fittings are made to MSS SP43.
• Socket Weld (SW) fittings Class 3000, 6000, 9000 are defined in the ASME B16.11 standards.
• Threaded (THD) fittings Class 2000, 3000, 6000 are defined in the ASME B16.11 standards.

Most used buttweld fittings.

1. Elbow 90° long radius   2. Elbow 45°   3. Elbow 90° short radius
4. Elbow 180° long radius   5. Elbow 180° short radius
6. Tee straight   7. Tee reducing
8. Reducer concentric   9. Reducer eccentric
10. End cap   11. Lap joint Stub End

Applications of Buttweld Fittings

A piping system using buttweld fittings has many inherent advantages over other forms.

• Welding a fitting to the pipe means it is permanently leakproof
• The continuous metal structure formed between pipe and fitting adds strength to the system
• Smooth inner surface and gradual directional changes reduce pressure losses and turbulence
  and minimize the action of corrosion and erosion
• A welded system utilizes a minimum of space

Bevelled Ends

The ends of all buttweld fittings are bevelled, exceeding wall thickness 4 mm for austenitic stainless steel, or 5 mm for ferritic stainless steel. The shape of the bevel depending upon the actual wall thickness. This bevelled ends are needed to be able to make a “Butt weld”.

Typical bevel types.

ASME B16.25 covers the preparation of buttwelding ends of piping components to be joined into a piping system by welding. It includes requirements for welding bevels, for external and internal shaping of heavy-wall components, and for preparation of internal ends (including dimensions and dimensional tolerances). These weld edge preparation requirements are also incorporated into the ASME standards (e.g., B16.9, B16.5, B16.34).

Material and Performance

The most common materials used in fittings produced is carbon steel, stainless steel, cast iron, aluminium, copper, glass, rubber, the various types of plastics, etc..

In addition, fittings, like pipes, for specific purposes sometimes internally equipped with layers of materials of a completely different quality as the fitting themselves, which are “lined fittings”.

The material of a fitting is basically set during the choice of the pipe, in most cases, a fitting is of the same material as the pipe.

 

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Knowledge About Steel Elbow

 

Elbows 45° – 90° – 180° LR/SR

The function of a elbow is to change direction or flow in a piping system. By default, there are 5 opportunities, the 45°, 90° and 180° elbows, all three in the “long radius” version, and in addition the 90° and 180° elbows both in the “short radius” version.

Long and Short Radius

Elbows are split into two groups which define the distance over which they change direction; the center line of one end to the opposite face. This is known as the “center to face” distance and is equivalent to the radius through which the elbow is bent.
The center to face distance for a “long” radius elbow, abbreviated LR always is “1? x Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) (1?D)”, while the center to face distance for a “short” radius elbow, abbreviated SR even is to nominal pipe size.

Here below, for example, you will find the center to face distance of four 2 inch elbows, (the “A” distance on the image).

1.   90°- 2″- LR : = 1? x (25,4 x 2)   A = 76,2 mm 2.   180°- 2″- LR : = 1? x (25,4 x 2) x 2   A = 152,4 mm 3.   90°- 2″- SR : = 25,4 x 2   A = 50,8 mm 4.   180°- 2″- SR : = (25,4 x 2) x 2   A = 101,6 mm

45° Elbow

The function of a 45° elbow is the same as a 90° elbow, but the measurement of dimensions is different to that of the 90° elbow.

45° buttweld elbow.

 

The radius of a 45° elbow is the same as the radius of the 90° LR (1?D). However, the center to face dimension is not equivalent to the radius as in 90° LR elbows. This is measured from each face to the point of intersection of the center lines perpendicular to each other, distances B on the image. This is due to the smaller degree of bend. Short radius 45° elbows are not available.

Standards

The most applied version is the 90° long radius and the 45° elbow, while the 90° short radius elbow is applied if there is too little space. The function of a 180° elbow is to change direction of flow through 180°. Both, the LR and the SR types have a center to center dimension double the matching 90° elbows. These fittings will generally be used in furnesses or other heating or cooling units.

In addition to the defined elbows, there is the Reducing Elbow, which is a elbow with various diameters on the ends. Because this elbow, for many suppliers it is not a standard item, and thus probably a high price with a long delivery time, the use of a “normal” elbow with a separate reducer is an option if the situation allows.

buttweld reducing elbow.

 

Other degrees elbows can be machined from a standard elbow. Longer radius type, the center to face dimension e.g. is three times the nominal size (3D), even is available.

Dimensions, dimensional tolerances etc. for long and short radius elbows are defined in ASME B16.9.

Wall Thickness of Elbows

The weakest point on an elbow is the inside radius. ASME B16.9 only standardizes the center to face dimensions and some “squareness” dimensional tolerances. The wall thickness at the weld line location even is standardized, but not through the rest of an elbow. The standard states that the minimum tolerance will be within 12.5% of the minimum ordered wall thickness of the pipe. A maximum tolerance is specified only at the ends of the fitting.

Many providers of buttweld elbows (and tees) provide one schedule greater thickness so that sufficient wall thickness, after forming, remains.

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List of Chemical Elements

List  of  Chemical  Elements

Atomic No	Name of element	Chemical symbol	Origin of name
89	Actinium	Ac	From the Greek word aktinos (ray)
13	Aluminium	Al	From the Latin word alumen (alum)
95	Americium	Am	From America where it was discovered
51	Antimony	Sb	From the Greek words anti + monos meaning not alone
18	Argon	Ar	From the Greek word argos meaning inactive
33	Arsenic	As	From the Greek word arsenikon meaning yellow orpiment (orpiment is arsenic trisulphide)
85	Astatine	At	From the Greek word astatos meaning unstable
56	Barium	Ba	From the Greek word barus meaning heavy
97	Berkelium	Bk	Named after Berkeley, USA where it was discovered
4	Beryllium	Be	From the Greek word beryllos meaning beryl
83	Bismuth	Bi	From the German word bisemutum
107	Bohrium	Bh	Named after Niels Bohr, the Danish physicist
5	Boron	B	From the Arabic word buraq or the Persian word burah
35	Bromine	Br	From the Greek word bromos meaning stench
48	Cadmium	Cd	From the Latin word cadmia or Greek word kadmeia both meaning calamine
55	Caesium	Cs	From the Latin word caesius meaning sky blue
20	Calcium	Ca	From the Latin word calx meaning lime
96	Californium	Cf	Named after the University of California, USA where it was discovered
6	Carbon	C	From the Latin word carbo meaning charcoal
58	Cerium	Ce	Named after the Asteroid Ceres, which had been discovered in 1801, two years before the element
17	Chlorine	Cl	From the Greek word chloros meaning pale green
24	Chromium	Cr	From the Greek word chrome meaning colour
27	Cobalt	Co	From the German word kobald meaning goblin or evilspirit
29	Copper	Cu	From cuprum, the Latin name for the island of Cyprus
96	Curium	Cm	Named after Pierre & Marie Curie
110	Darmstadium	Ds	Named after Darmstadt, Germany where it was discovered
105	Dubnium	Db	Named after Dubnia, USSR where it was discovered
66	Dysprosium	Dy	From the Greek word dysprositos meaning hard to obtain
99	Einsteinium	Es	Named after Albert Einstein
68	Erbium	Er	Named after the village of Ytterby in Sweden, where the mineral from which it was extracted came from
63	Europium	Eu	Named after Europe
100	Fermium	Fm	Named after Enrico Fermi, the Italian physicist
9	Fluorine	F	From the Latin word fluere meaning to flow
87	Francium	Fr	Named after France
64	Gadolinium	Gd	Named after Johan Gadolin, the Finnish chemist and mineralogist
31	Gallium	Ga	From the Latin word Gallia meaning France
32	Germanium	Ge	From the Latin word Germania meaning Germany
79	Gold	Au	From the German word gold, which was itself derived from an earlier word meaning yellow
72	Hafnium	Hf	From the Latin word Hafnia meaning Copenhagen
108	Hassium	Hs	From the Latin word Hassium, for the German State of Hess
2	Helium	He	From the Greek word helios meaning sun
67	Holmium	Ho	From the Greek word Holmia meaning Sweden
1	Hydrogen	H	From the Greek words hydro genes meaning water and generator
49	Indium	In	Named after the indigo line in its atomic spectrum
53	Iodine	I	From the Greek word iodes meaning violet
77	Iridium	Ir	From the Greek word iris meaning rainbow
26	Iron	Fe	From isarn the old Saxon word for iron
36	Krypton	Kr	From the Greek word kryptos meaning hidden
57	Lanthanum	La	From the Greek word lanthanein meaning to lie hidden
103	Lawrencium	Lr	Named after Ernest O. Lawrence, the inventor of the cyclotron
82	Lead	Pb	From the Anglo-Saxon word lead
3	Lithium	Li	From the Greek word lithos meaning stone
71	Lutetium	Lu	From the Greek word Lutetia meaning Paris
12	Magnesium	Mg	From the Greek word Magnesia, a district of Thessaly
25	Manganese	Mn	From the Latin word magnes meaning magnet
108	Meitnerium	Mt	Named after Lise Meitner, the Austrian physicist
101	Mendelevium	Md	Named after Dimitri Mendeleev, the Russian chemist
80	Mercury	Hg	Named after the planet Mercury
42	Molybdenum	Mo	From the Greek word molybdos meaning lead
60	Neodymium	Nd	From the Greek words neos didymos meaning new twin
10	Neon	Ne	From the Greek word neon meaning new
93	Neptunium	Np	Named after the planet Neptune
28	Nickel	Ni	From the German word kupfernickel meaning devil’s scopper
41	Niobium	Nb	Named after Niobe, the daughter of Tantalus in Greek mythology
7	Nitrogen	N	From the Greek words nitron genes meaning nitre and forming
102	Nobelium	No	Named after Alfred Nobel, the Swedish chemist
76	Osmium	Os	From the Greek word osme meaning smell
8	Oxygen	O	From the Greek words oxy genes meaning acid and forming
46	Palladium	Pd	Named after the asteroid pallas which was discovered at about the same time. Derived from Pallas Athene, the Greek goddess of wisdom
15	Phosphorus	P	From the Greek word phospheros meaning bringer of light
78	Platinum	Pt	From the Spanish word platina meaning silver
94	Plutonium	Pu	Named after the planet Pluto
84	Polonium	Po	Named after Poland, birthplace of Marie Curie
19	Potassium	K	From the English word potash, the ashes remaining in the pot after plant leaves were burnt and from which potassium carbonate was obtained
59	Praseodymium	Pr	From the Greek words prasios didymos meaning greentwin
61	Promethium	Pm	Named after Prometheus, who stole fire from heaven and gave it to humans, according to Greek mythology
91	Protactinium	Pa	From the Greek word protos meaning first
86	Radon	Rn	Named after the element radium, from which it was derived
88	Radium	Ra	From the Latin word radius meaning ray
75	Rhenium	Re	From Rhenus, the Latin for river Rhine, where one of the discoverers was born
45	Rhodium	Rh	From the Greek word rhodon meaning rose
111	Roentgenium	Rg	Named after Wilhelm C. Roentgen, the German physicist
37	Rubidium	Rb	From the Latin word rubidius meaning dark red
44	Ruthenium	Ru	From Ruthenia, the Latin word for Russia
104	Rutherfordium	Rf	Named after Ernest R. Rutherford, the New Zealand physicist and chemist
62	Samarium	Sm	Named after samarskite the mineral from which it was isolated
21	Scandium	Sc	From the Latin word Scandia meaning Scandinavia
106	Seaborgium	Sg	Named after Glen T. Seaborg, the American nuclear chemist
34	Selenium	Se	From the Greek word selene meaning moon
14	Silicon	Si	From the Latin word silicis meaning flint
47	Silver	Ag	From siluvar, the Old Saxon word for silver
11	Sodium	Na	From soda, the English word for sodium carbonate
38	Strontium	Sr	Named after Strontian, Scotland where the mineral from which it was isolated was found
16	Sulphur	S	From sulphurium, the Latin word for sulphur
73	Tantalum	Ta	Named after King Tantalus, the father of Niobe in Greek mythology
43	Technetium	Tc	From the Greek word technikos meaning artificial
52	Tellurium	Te	From the Latin word tellus meaning earth
65	Terbium	Tb	Named after Ytterby a town in Sweden where its ore was found
81	Thallium	Tl	From the Greek word thallos meaning green twig
90	Thorium	Th	Named after Thor, the Scandinavian God of war
69	Thulium	Tm	Named after Thule the ancient name for Scandinavia
50	Tin	Sn	From the Anglo-Saxon word tin
22	Titanium	Ti	Named after the Titans, the elder gods who ruled the earth before the Olympian gods, in Greek mythology
74	Tungsten	W	From the Swedish words tung sten meaning heavy stone
92	Uranium	U	Named after the planet Uranus
23	Vanadium	V	Named after Vanadis, the goddess of beauty in Scandinavian mythology
54	Xenon	Xe	From the Greek word xenon meaning stranger
70	Ytterbium	Yb	Named after the village of Ytterby in Sweden where its ore was found
39	Yttrium	Y	Named after the village of Ytterby in Sweden where its ore was found
30	Zinc	Zn	From the German word zink
40	Zirconium	Zr	From the Arabic word zargun meaning goldcolour
Atomic No	Name of element	Chemical symbol	Origin of name

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B16.36-2006 ORIFICE FLANGES

ASME B16.36-2006 ORIFICE FLANGES
		CLASS 300		CLASS 600		CLASS 900		CLASS 1500		CLASS 2500
NOMINAL PIPE SIZE		THICKNESS MIN	LENGTH THRU HUB W/NECK	THICKNESS MIN	LENGTH THRU HUB W/NECK	THICKNESS MIN	LENGTH THRU HUB W/NECK	THICKNESS MIN	LENGTH THRU HUB W/NECK	THICKNESS MIN	LENGTH THRU HUB W/NECK	NOMINAL PIPE SIZE
MM	INCH	T	LTB	T	LTB	T	LTB	T	LTB	T	LTB	MM	INCH
25	1	36.6	83	36.6	83	38.1	90	38.1	90	38.1	99	25	1
40	1 1/2	36.6	86	36.6	86	38.1	96	38.1	96	44.5	118	40	1 1/2
50	2	36.6	86	36.6	86	38.1	109	38.1	109	50.8	134	50	2
65	2 1/2	36.6	89	36.6	89	41.3	112	41.3	112	57.2	150	65	2 1/2
80	3	36.6	89	36.6	89	38.1	109	47.7	124	66.7	175	80	3
100	4	36.6	92	38.1	109	44.5	121	54	131	76.2	197	100	4
150	6	36.6	100	47.8	124	55.6	147	82.6	178	108	280	150	6
200	8	39.7	112	55.6	140	63.5	169	92.1	220	127	325	200	8
250	10	46.1	118	63.5	159	69.9	191	108	261	165.1	426	250	10
300	12	49.3	131	66.5	163	79.2	207	123.9	290	184	171	300	12
350	14	52.4	143	69.9	172	85.9	220	133.4	305			350	14
400	16	55.6	146	76.2	185	88.9	223	146.1	318			400	16
450	18	58.8	159	82.6	191	101.6	236	162	334			450	18
500	20	62	162	88.9	197	108	255	177.8	363			500	20
600	24	68.3	169	101.6	210	139.7	299	203.2	413			600	24

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ASME Flange

Type:

Lap-Joint Flange(LJ),  Socket-welded Flange(SW),  Slip-on Flange(SO),  Welding-Neck Flange(WN),  Threaded Flange(TH),  Orifice Flange,  Blind Flange,  Long Welding Neck Flange,  Blank Flange,  Reducing Flange,  Spectacle Blind(Figure 8 Flange),  Special Flange,  Swivel Flange etc.

 

Manufacture Standard:

 ASME/ANSI B16.5, B16.47A/B, MSS SP-44,ISO7005-I,API605,GB9112~9124, BS1560-3.1

 

Material:

 

▶Stainless Steel:

ASTM A/SA182 F304, F304L,F316, F316L, 316Ti, F317L, F321,F321H,    F310H, F347H, N08904, F44 etc. 

(W1.4301, 1.4306, 1.4948, 1.4401, 1.4404, 1.4571, 1.4438, 1.4541, 1.4878, 1.4550, 1.4845, 1.4539, 1.4547 etc.).

 

▶Duplex&Super Duplex:

 ASTM A/SA182 F51, F53, F55, F59, F60(w1.4462, 1.4410, 1.4501, 1.4507 etc.)

 

▶Nickel Alloy:

 ASTM B564 N10276, N04400,N06600,N06601,N06625,N08800,N08020 (w2.4819,2.4360,2.4361,2.4816,2.4851,2.4856,1.4876,1.4958 ) etc.

 

▶Other Alloys:

 ASTM A105,A105N;  St37.2, C22.8;

 ASTM A182 F11, F12, F22, F5, F91;

 ASTM A350 LF2, LF3;

 ASTM A694 F42, F46, F48, F50, F52, F56,F60,F65,F70 etc.

 

Rate:

150LBS~2500LBS

 

Dimension:

1/2” to 60” (DN15 ~DN1500)

B16.36-2006 ORIFICE FLANGES

B16.47 – 2006 Class 150 Series A

B16.47- 2006 Ring Groove Class 300-900

ASME B-16.48 CLASS 150

ASME B-16.48 CLASS 300

ASME B-16.48 CLASS 600

ASME B-16.48 CLASS 900

ASME B-16.48 CLASS 1500

ASME B-16.48 CLASS 2500

ASME B 16.5-2003 CLASS 150

ASME B 16.5-2003 CLASS 300

ASME B 16.5-2003 CLASS 400

ASME B 16.5-2003 CLASS 600

ASME B 16.5-2003 CLASS 900

ASME B 16.5-2003 CLASS 1500

ASME B 16.5-2003 CLASS 2500

Tolerence of ：ASME/ANSI B16.5-1996 and B16.47-1996

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Duplex 2205

Type	Seamless & Welded Pipe	Butt Weld Fittings	Flanges & Pressure Fittings
Sizes	1/4″ thru 16″	1/2″ thru 12″	All descriptions
Schedules	Sch 10, 40, 80, 160 & XXH	Sch 10, 40, 80, 160, & XXH

ASTM Standards

Bar	Butt Weld Fittings	Forgings	Pipe, Welded & Seamless	Tube, Welded	Plate
A276, A479	A815	A182	A790	A789	A240

Minimum Physical Properties

Tensile Strength	Yield Strength
90 KSI Min.	65 KSI Min.

Chemical Composition (wt%)

C	Mn	P	S	Si	Ni	Cr	Fe	Mo	N
0.03 Max	2.00 Max	0.03 Max.	0.02 Max.	1.00 Max.	4.50 – 6.50	21.0 – 23.0	Balance	2.50 – 3.50	0.14 – 0.20

Properties

Duplex 2205 is a dual-phase stainless steel whose grain structure is about 45% ferritic and 55% austenitic, hence the name “duplex”. With twice the mechanical strength and corrosion resistance of common austenitics, 2205 offers some advantages over 316L and 317L:

* Lower coefficient of thermal expansion and a higher thermal conductivity
* Resists chloride stress corrosion cracking
* Pitting and crevice corrosion resistance
* Excellent choice for high chloride environments
* Lower cost than high alloyed austenitics

Applications

Industries taking advantage of the lower cost and higher mechanical properties of 2205 include:

* Heat exchangers
* Marine construction
* Oil and gas industry
* Chemical processing

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904L

Type	Seamless & Welded Pipe	Butt Weld Fittings	Flanges & Pressure Fittings
Sizes	1/4″ thru 16″	1/2″ thru 12″	All descriptions
Schedules	Sch 10, 40, 80, 160, & XXH	Sch 10, 40, 80, 160, & XXH

ASTM Standards

Bar	Butt Weld Fittings	Pipe, Welded & Seamless	Tube, Welded	Tube, Seamless	Plate
B649	B366	B677- smls; B673 – welded	B674	B677	B625

Minimum Physical Properties

Tensile Strength	Yield Strength	Elongation
71 KSI Min.	31 KSI Min.	35% Min.

Chemical Composition (wt%)

C	Mn	P	S	Si	Ni	Cr	Fe	Mo
0.02 Max.	2.00 Max	0.045 Max.	0.035 Max.	1.00 Max.	23.0 – 28.0	19.0 – 23.0	Balance	4.0 – 5.0

Properties

N08904 (904L) is a high alloy austenitic product intended for use under severely corrosive conditions. It offers good resistance to:

* Pitting and crevice corrosion
* Intergranular corrosion
* Stress corrosion cracking
* General corrosion

Applications

904L is used in the chemical industry to process many chemicals. Some examples are: Acetic acid, Acetylene, Acrylates, Acrylonitrile, Aluminum sulfate, Ammonium phosphate, Ammonium sulfate, Battery acid, Benzene, Butyl acetate, Caprolactum, Cellophane, Citric acid, Nitrophosphate, Oxalic acid, Superphosphate, Tall oil, Tartaric acid, Uranium oxide and Zinc sulfate.

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347/347H

Type	Seamless & Welded Pipe	Butt Weld Fittings	Flanges & Pressure Fittings
Sizes	1/4″ thru 16″	1/2″ thru 12″	All descriptions
Schedules	Sch 10, 40, 80, 160 & XXH	Sch 10, 40, 80, 160, & XXH

ASTM Standards

Bar	Butt Weld Fittings	Forgings	Pipe, Welded & Seamless	Tube, Welded	Tube, Seamless	Plate
A276, A479	A403	A182	A312	A249	A213	A240

Minimum Physical Properties

Tensile Strength	Yield Strength
75 KSI Min.	30 KSI Min.

Chemical Composition (wt%)

C	Mn	P	S	Si	Ni	Cr	Fe	Ti
0.04 – 0.08	2.00 Max	0.04 Max	0.03 Max	0.75 Max	9.0 – 13.0	17.0 – 20.0	Balance	0.4 – 1.0

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321/321H

Type	Seamless & Welded Pipe	Butt Weld Fittings	Flanges & Pressure Fittings
Sizes	1/4″ thru 16″	1/2″ thru 12″	All descriptions
Schedules	Sch 10, 40, 80, 160, & XXH	Sch 10, 40, 80, 160, & XXH

ASTM Standards

Bar	Butt Weld Fittings	Forgings	Pipe, Welded & Seamless	Tube, Welded	Tube, Seamless	Plate
A276, A479	A403	A182	A312	A249	A213	A240

Minimum Physical Properties

Tensile Strength	Yield Strength
75 KSI Min.	30 KSI Min.

Chemical Composition (wt%)

C	Mn	P	S	Si	Ni	Cr	Fe	Cb&Ta
0.04 – 0.08	2.00 Max	0.04 Max	0.03 Max	0.75 Max	9.0 – 13.0	17.0 – 20.0	Balance	0.2 – 0.6

Properties

321 and 347 are austenitic stainless steels that contain stabilizing elements. Both alloys are easily welded. Annealing is not required after welding unless stress relief is desired. Both grades have excellent resistance to oxidation and corrosion. With high creep strength, these alloys work best up to 1600 degF. The addition of titanium in 321, and columbium plus tantalum in 347 give some desired characteristics:

* Prevents harmful carbide precipitation in the heat affected zone (HAZ) of the weld area
* Imparts substantial immunity to intergranular corrosion
* Reduced embrittlement in the HAZ of the weld area

Applications

Both alloys are common to the petroleum refining industries: they are used to make radiant superheaters, boiler tubes, high pressure steam pipes, and general refinery piping. They are also used for heavy duty exhaust systems and manifolds.

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