The Main Origin of Oil Casing Pipe

 (1) The main oil casing pipe importing countries are: Germany, Japan, Romania, Czech Republic, Italy, United Kingdom, Austria, Switzerland, United States, Argentina, Singapore also have imports. The import standards mostly refer to the American Petroleum Institute standards API5A, 5AX, 5AC. Steel grades are H-40, J-55, N-80, P-110, C-75, C-95, etc. The specifications are mainly 139.77.72R-2, 177.89.19R-2, 244.58.94R-2, 244.510.03R-2, 244.511.05R-2 and so on.

(2) There are three lengths specified by the API: R-1 is 4.88 to 7.62m, R-2 is 7.62 to 10.36m, and R-3 is 10.36m to longer.
(3) Some imported goods are marked with LTC, that is, long-thread buckle casing.
(4) In addition to adopting API standards, casings imported from Japan still implement a small number of Japanese factory standards (such as Nippon Steel, Sumitomo, Kawasaki, etc.). The steel numbers are NC-55E, NC-80E, NC-L80, NC-80HE and so on.
(5) In the claim case, there have been black buckles, thread buckle damage, tube folds, broken buckles and close tolerances of the thread, excessive J value of the coupling, and other defects such as brittle cracking and low yield strength quality problem.

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the LDX 2101 Stainless Steel

 

LDX 2101 Stainless Steel

• 2022-01-05
• 
  
• Posted by Wilson

LDX 2101 is a duplex (austenitic-ferritic) stainless steel with relatively low contents of alloying elements. The grade has high mechanical strength, similar to that of other duplex grades. Its good corrosion resistance is on par with that of most standard stainless steel grades. Combined, these properties can be utilised to optimise design with respect to strength, maintenance, durability and long-term cost efficiency.

LDX 2101 main characteristics:

• High strength – approximately twice as high proof strength as austenitic stainless steels ASTM 304 and 316
• Very good resistance to stress corrosion cracking
• Good resistance to general corrosion and pitting
• High energy absorption
• Physical properties that offer design advantages
• Ease of fabrication and good toughness
• Very good weldability

Applications

General-purpose applications and environments:

• Building and construction
• Storage tanks
• Reinforcement bars
• Water piping

Specification

UNS: ASTM/ASTE S32101

Microstructure

The balanced chemical composition of LDX 2101 results in a microstructure containing approximately equal amounts of ferrite and austenite after annealing at a temperature of 1050°C (1920oF). Due to its relatively low alloying content, LDX 2101 is less prone to precipitaition of intermetallic phases than other duplex steels.

The high nitrogen content results in rapid re-formation of austenite in weld thermal cycles.

* LDX 2101 is a registered trademark owned by Outokumpu Stainless AB

Standards

• UNS S32101

Chemical composition (nominal) %

C	SI	MN	P	S	CR	NI	N	MO
0.030	1.0	5.0	0.04	0.03	21.5	1.5	0.22	0.3

Mechanical properties

Mechanical properties

LDX 2101 has high mechanical strength due to its duplex microstructure and high nitrogen content.

In Table 1 the minimum and typical values for the grade are presented. The mechanical properties at elevated temperatures are shown in Table 2.

			MINIMUM VALUES			TYPICAL VALUES
			P	H	C	P (15MM)	H (4MM)	C (1MM)
Proof strength	Rp0.2	MPa	450	480	530	480	570	600
Tensile strength	Rm	MPa	650	680	700	700	790	840
Elongation	Ab	%	30	30	–	38	38	40
Impact toughness	KV1)	J	60	60	–	100	–	–
Hardness	HB					230	230	230

Table 1
P = hot rolled plate. H = hot rolled coil. C = cold rolled coil and sheet. 1) Full size specimen
1 MPa = 1 N/mm2
a) Rp0.2 and Rp1.0 correspond to 0.2% offset and 1.0% offset yield strength, respectively.
b) Based on L0 = 5.65 √S0 where L0 is the original gauge length and S0 the original cross-section area.

Fatigue

The high tensile strength of duplex steels also implies high fatigue strength.

Table 5 shows the result of pulsating tensile fatigue tests (R=0.1) in air at room temperature. The fatigue strength has been evaluated at 2 million cycles and probability of rupture 50%. Since the test was made using round polished test bars from hot rolled plate, correction factors for surface roughness, notches, welds etc, are required in accordance with classical theory relating to fatigue failure. As shown by the table the fatigue strength of the duplex steels corresponds approximately to the proof strength of the material.

	RP0.2	RM	FATIGUE STRENGTH
	MPA	MPA	MPA
LDX 2101	478	696	500
2205	497	767	578
1.4404	500	510	360

1.4404 is equivalent to AISI 316L in these tests

Standard deviation of fatigue strength, for the entire population ~ 30 MPa

At high temperatures

If LDX 2101 is exposed for prolonged periods to temperatures exceeding 280 °C (540 °F), the microstructure changes which results in a reduction in impact strength. This effect does not necessarily affect the behaviour of the material at the operating temperature. For example, heat exchanger tubes may be used at higher temperatures without any problems. Contact wilsonpipeline for advice.

MINIMUM VALUE		TEMPERATURES
		50	100	150	200	300
Rp0.2	MPa	430	380	350	330	300
Rm	MPa	630	590	560	540	540

Table 2 – Tensile properties at elevated temperatures:

Physical properties

Physical properties

The physical properties of LDX 2101 are shown in Table 4.

		TEMPERATURE OC
		20	100	200	300
Density	x103 kg/m3	7.7
Modules of elasticity	GPa	200	194	186	180
Poissons ratio		0.3
Linear expansion at (20->)oC	x10-6/oC	–	13.5	14.0	14.5
Thermal conductivity	W/moC	15	16	17	18
Thermal capacity	J/kgoC	500	530	560	590
Electric resistivity	nΩm	750	800	850	900

Table 4

Corrosion resistance

Corrosion resistance

The corrosion resistance of LDX 2101 is generally good, and the grade is therefore suitable for use in a wide range of general-purpose applications and environments.

The corrosion resistance is in general at least as good as that of Cr-Ni grades such as AISI 304L and in some cases as good as Cr-Ni-Mo grades such as AISI 316L.

A brief description of the resistance to different types of corrosion is shown below.

General corrosion

General corrosion is characterised by a uniform attack on the steel surface in contact with a corrosive medium.

The corrosion resistance is generally considered good if the corrosion rate is less than 0.1 mm/year.

The resistance to uniform corrosion in sulphuric acid is shown in Figure 1.
LDX 2101 has a better resistance than AISI 304L and in some cases performs as well as AISI 316L.

Fig. 1. Isocorrosion curves, 0.1 mm/year, in sulphuric acid.

Pitting and crevice corrosion

The resistance to pitting and crevice corrosion increases with the content of chromium, molybdenum and nitrogen in the steel.

The resistance to these types of corrosion, which are mainly caused by chloride containing environments, is good due to the grade’s high chromium and nitrogen content.

The pitting corrosion resistance has been evaluated using the Avesta Cell (ASTM G 150).

Figure 2 shows that the resistance is higher than that normally obtained with Cr-Ni grades such as AISI 304L and approaching that of Cr-Ni-Mo grades such as AISI 316L.

Fig. 2. Critical pitting temperatures (CPT) in 1M NaCl according to ASTM G 150 using the Avesta Cell.
Typical values have been given for conventional grades.

Atmospheric corrosion

A steel’s resistance to atmospheric corrosion is strongly linked to its resistance to uniform corrosion and localised corrosion such as pitting and crevice corrosion.

Since LDX 2101 shows good resistance to these types of corrosion, it may be assumed that the resistance to atmospheric corrosion is good. Accordingly LDX 2101 should be sufficiently resistant in most environments.

Stress corrosion cracking

Like all duplex stainless steels, LDX 2101 shows good resistance to chloride-induced stress corrosion cracking (SCC).

Many test methods are used to rank the different steel grades with respect to their resistance to SCC. One such test method is the U-bend test according to MTI Manual no. 3, in which the specimens are exposed to 3M magnesium chloride (MgCl2) solution at 100°C for 500 hours. The U-bending was performed both longitudinal and transverse the rolling direction. The results are shown below.

Results from U-bend stress corrosion testing in MgCl2

4301 is equivalent to AISI 304 in this test.

Intergranular corrosion

Due to its duplex microstructure LDX 2101 offers verygood resistance to intergranular corrosion.

LDX 2101passes intergranular corrosion tests according toEN/ISO 3651-2 method A (Strauss) and method C(Streicher).

Such results are as expected for duplex steels, which are less susceptible to this kind of corrosion than austenitic stainless steels.

Heat treatment

Plate,sheet and coil are normally delivered in heat treated condition. If additional heat treatment is needed after further processing the following is recommended.

Solution annealing

1020 -1080°C (1865 -1975°F), rapid cooling in air or water.

Fabrication

Hot forming

Hot forming is performed in the temperature range 1100–900°C (2010-1650oF) and should be followed by solution annealing. It should, however, be observed that the strength is low at high temperatures.

Cold forming

Due to the high proof strength of duplex material, greater working forces than those required for austenitic steel are usually needed for cold forming.
Figure 3 shows the effect of work hardening on LDX 2101. LDX 2101 is suitable for most forming operations used in stainless steel fabrication. However, due to the grade’s higher mechanical strength and lower toughness, operations such as deep drawing, stretch forming and spinning are more difficult to perform than with austenitic steel. The grade’s high strength, may give rise to a relatively high spring back.

Fig. 3. Mechanical properties of LDX 2101 after cold deformation.
Heat treatment

LDX 2101 is solution annealed at 1020 – 1080°C (1865- 1975 oF). Rapid cooling is recommended after annealing.

Welding

LDX 2101 has a good weldability and can be welded using the same processes used for other duplex steels.

In general the recommendations for welding duplex steels also apply for LDX 2101, however, the restrictions in arc energy are less tight than for conventional duplex steels due to the grade’s low alloy content and high nitrogen level.

Suitable welding methods are manual metal-arc welding with covered electrodes or gas shielded arc welding. Welding should be undertaken within the heat input range 0.2-2.5 kJ/mm. Preheating or post-weld heat treatment is not normally necessary.

Filler metals that give an austenitic-ferritic weld metal should be used in order to obtain a weld metal with corrosion resistance and mechanical properties close to the parent metal. For gas-shielded arc welding, we recommend wilsonpipeline 22.8.3.L and 23.7.L and for manual metal-arc welding the covered electrode wilsonpipeline 22.9.3.LR. These filler metals can also be used for welding LDX 2101 to carbon steels, stainless steels and nickel alloys. The covered electrode wilsonpipeline 23.12.2.LR and the wire electrode wilsonpipeline 24.13.L can also be used for dissimilar metal welding. When welding components for use in high concentrated nitric acid wilsonpipeline 23.7.L is recommended.

* LDX 2101 is a trademark owned by Outokumpu OY.

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detail for Duplex 2507 Stainless Steel (UNS S32750)

 

Duplex 2507 Stainless Steel (UNS S32750)

• 2022-01-05
• 
  
• Posted by Wilson

Duplex 2507 Stainless Steel (UNS S32750) is a super duplex stainless steel with 25% chromium, 4% molybdenum, and 7% nickel designed for demanding applications which require exceptional strength and corrosion resistance, such as chemical process, petrochemical, and seawater equipment. The steel has excellent resistance to chloride stress corrosion cracking, high thermal conductivity, and a low coefficient of thermal expansion. The high chromium, molybdenum, and nitrogen levels provide excellent resistance to pitting, crevice, and general corrosion.

Applications

• Oil and gas industry equipment
• Offshore platforms, heat exchangers, process and service water systems, fire-fighting systems, injection and ballast water systems
• Chemical process industries, heat exchangers, vessels, and piping
• Desalination plants, high pressure RO-plant and seawater piping
• Mechanical and structural components, high strength, corrosion-resistant parts
• Power industry FGD systems, utility and industrial scrubber systems, absorber towers, ducting, and piping

Standards
ASTM/ASME ………. A240 – UNS S32750
EURONORM………… 1.4410 – X2 Cr Ni MoN 25.7.4
AFNOR……………….. Z3 CN 25.06 Az

Corrosion Resistance

General Corrosion

• high chromium and molybdenum content of 2507 makes it extremely resistant to uniform corrosion by organic acids like formic and acetic acid.
• provides excellent resistance to inorganic acids, especially those containing chlorides.
•  can be used in dilute hydrochloric acid.
• Pitting need not be a risk in the zone below the borderline in this figure, but crevices must be avoided.

Intergranural Corrosion

• Low carbon content greatly lowers the risk of carbide precipitation at the grain boundaries during heat treatment.
• Is highly resistant to carbide-related intergranular corrosion.

Stress Corrosion Cracking

• Duplex structure of 2507 provides excellent resistance to chloride stress corrosion cracking (SCC).
• Superior to 2205 in corrosion resistance and strength.
• 2507 is especially useful in offshore oil and gas applications and in wells with either naturally high brine levels or where brine has been injected to enhance recovery.

Pitting Corrosion

• Different testing methods can be used to establish the pitting resistance of steels in chloride-containing solutions.

Crevice Corrosion

• Highly resistant to crevice corrosion.

Processing

Hot forming
2507 should be hot worked between 1875°F and 2250°F. This should be followed by a solution anneal at 1925°F minimum and a rapid air or water quench.

Cold Forming
Most of the common stainless steel forming methods can be used for cold working 2507. The alloy has a higher yield strength and lower ductility than the austenitic steels so fabricators may find that higher forming forces, increased radius of bending, and increased allowance for springback are necessary. Deep drawing, stretch forming, and similar processes are more difficult to perform on 2507 than on an austenitic stainless steel. When forming requires more than 10% cold deformation, a solution anneal and quench are recommended.

Heat Treatment
2507 should be solution annealed and quenched after either hot or cold forming. Solution annealing should be done at a minimum of 1925°F. Annealing should be followed immediately by a rapid air or water quench. To obtain maximum corrosion resistance, heat treated products should be pickled and rinsed.

Welding
2507 possesses good weldability and can be joined to itself or other materials by shielded metal arc welding (SMAW), gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW), plasma arc welding (PAW), flux cored wire (FCW), or submerged arc welding (SAW). 2507/P100 filler metal is suggested when welding 2507 because it will produce the appropriate duplex weld structure.

Preheating of 2507 is not necessary except to prevent condensation on cold metal. The interpass weld temperature should not exceed 300°F or the weld integrity can be adversely affected. The root should be shielded with argon or 90% N₂/10% H₂ purging gas for maximum corrosion resistance. The latter provides better corrosion resistance.

Chemical Properties

Typical values (Weight %)

C	CR	NI	MO	N	OTHERS
0.020	25	7	4.0	.27	S=0.001

Mechanical Properties:

Ultimate Tensile Strength, ksi	116 min.
0.2% Offset Yield Strength 0.2%, ksi	80 min.
0.1% Offset Yield Strength 0.2%, ksi	91 min.
Elongation in 2 inches, %	15 min.
Hardness Rockwell C	32 max.
Impact Energy, ft.-lbs.	74 min.

Physical Propertries

Density	lb/in3	0.28
Modulus of Elasticity	psi x 106	29
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion 68-212°F/°F	x10-6/°F	7.2
Thermal Conductivity	Btu/h ft °F	8.7
Heat Capacity	Btu/lb/°F	0.12
Electrical Resistivity	W-in x 10-6	31.5

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detail of Duplex 2304 Stainless Steel (UNS S32304)

 

Duplex 2304 Stainless Steel (UNS S32304)

• 2022-01-05
• 
  
• Posted by Wilson

Duplex 2304 is a 23% chromium, 4% nickel, molybdenum-free duplex stainless steel whose structure is a balance of ferritic and austenitic. It has general corrosion resistance similar or better than Alloys 304L and 316L but with yield strength nearly double that of austenitic stainless steels. Its duplex microstructure and low nickel and high chromium contents also allows Duplex 2304 to demonstrate improved stress corrosion resistant properties compared to 304 and 316. It is typically suitable for all applications in the -58^oF to 572^oF (-50^oC to 300^oC) temperature range and is designed to feature high mechanical strength, good weldability, good corrosion resistance, high resistance to stress corrosion cracking, good machinability, low thermal expansion, good fatigue properties, high thermal conductivity, and easy fabrication.

Specifications: UNS S32304

Applications:

Duplex 2304 is generally used in the same applications in which Alloys 304 and 316L are used. Some examples of these applications include:

• Chloride containing environments
• Welded pipe systems within the Pulp and Paper, Chemical and Petrochemical, and Water Treatment industries
• Transportations
• Heat exchanger tubes
• Architecture, building, construction
• Pressure vessels
• Caustic solutions, organic acids
• Food industry

Standards:

• ASTM/ASME: UNS S32304
• EURONORM: FeMi35Cr20Cu4Mo2
• DIN: 2.4660

Corrosion Resistance:

• Due to its high chromium content of 23%, the corrosion resistance properties of Duplex 2304 are practically equivalent to those of Alloy 316L
• Its duplex microstructure and low nickel and high chromium contents allows Duplex 2304 to have improved stress corrosion resistance properties compared to the 304L and 316L standard austenitic grades.
• More resistant to pitting and crevice corrosion resistance that Alloy 316L
• Outperforms Alloys 304L and 316L in stress corrosion cracking resistance in chloride containing aqueous solutions
• Its corrosion rate in boiling nitric acid (65%) is higher than that of Alloy 316L
• Its high yield strength allows Duplex 2304 to perform well in abrasion/corrosion applications

Structure

• Microstructure of Duplex 2304 is very stable compared to molybdenum containing duplex stainless steels
• Contains approximately equal amounts of ferritic and austenitic in microstructure after annealing in a temperature about

Weldability

• Can be successfully welded by TIG manual and automatic, PLASMA, MIG, SMAW, SAW, FCAW
• Duplex microstructure renders the alloy less sensitive to hot cracking
• Pre-heating and post welding is not required
• Filler metal should be a balanced ferrite/austenitic type

 Machinability

• Exhibits improved machinability properties particularly when considering drilling
• Low speeds and high feeds will minimize this alloys tendency to work harden

Composition

	C	Cr	Fe	Mn	Si	S	P	Ni	Cu	N
Duplex 2304	0.03 max	min: 21.5 max:24.5	Bal.	2.5 max	1.0 max	0.03 max	0.04 max	min:3.0 max:3.5	min:0.05 max: 2.0	min: 0.05 max: 2.0

Mechanical Properties

Grade	Tensile Strength ksi (MPa) min	Yield Strength 0.2% offset ksi (MPa) min	Elongation (% in 50mm) min	Hardness (Brinell) MAX	Hardness (Rockwell B) MAX
Duplex 2304	87 (600)	58 (400)	25	293	31j

Physical Properties

	Duplex 2304
Density at 68°F (20°C)	0.28 lbm/in3 7800 kg/cm3
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion	ax10-6°C-1
68°F to: 212°F (20 -100°C)	13
68°F to 392°F (20 -200°C)	13.5
68°F to 572°F (20 -300°C)	14
Thermal Conductivity	W.m-1.K-1
at 68°F (20°C)	17
at 212°F (100°C)	18
at 392°F (200°C)	19
at 572°F (300°C)	20
Electrical Resitivity	(µ_ cm)
at 68°F (20°C)	80
at 212°F (100°C)	92
at 392°F (200°C)	100
at 572°F (300°C)	105
Specific Heat	(Btu/lb/°F)
32°F to: 212°F (20 -100°C)	0.11

    

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the diffirent about DUPLEX Steel 2205：Stainless Steel – Grade 2205 Duplex (UNS S32205)

 

DUPLEX Steel 2205：Stainless Steel – Grade 2205 Duplex (UNS S32205)

• 2022-01-05
• 
  
• Posted by Wilson

Chemical Composition 

Fe, <0.03% C, 21-23% Cr, 4.5-6.5% Ni, 2.5-3.5% Mo, 0.8-2.0% N, <2% Mn, <1% Si, <0.03% P, <0.02% S 

Introduction

Duplex 2205 stainless steel (both ferritic and austenitic) is used extensively in applications that require good corrosion resistance and strength. The S31803 grade stainless steel has undergone a number of modifications resulting in UNS S32205, and was endorsed in the year 1996. This grade offers higher resistance to corrosion.

At temperatures above 300°C, the brittle micro-constituents of this grade undergo precipitation, and at temperatures below -50°C the micro-constituents undergo ductile-to-brittle transition; hence this grade of stainless steel is not suitable for use at these temperatures.

Key Properties

The properties that are mentioned in the below tables pertain to flat rolled products such as plates, sheets and coils of the ASTM A240 or A240M. These may not be uniform across other products such as bars and pipes.

Composition

Table 1 provides the compositional ranges for grade 2205 duplex stainless steel.

Table 1 – Composition ranges for 2205 grade stainless steels

Grade		C	Mn	Si	P	S	Cr	Mo	Ni	N
2205 (S31803)	Min Max	– 0.030	– 2.00	– 1.00	– 0.030	– 0.020	21.0 23.0	2.5 3.5	4.5 6.5	0.08 0.20
2205 (S32205)	Min Max	– 0.030	– 2.00	– 1.00	– 0.030	– 0.020	22.0 23.0	3.0 3.5	4.5 6.5	0.14 0.20

Mechanical Properties

The typical mechanical properties of grade 2205 stainless steels are listed in the table below. Grade S31803 has similar mechanical properties to that of S32205. 

Table 2 – Mechanical properties of 2205 grade stainless steels

Grade	Tensile Str (MPa) min	Yield Strength 0.2% Proof (MPa) min	Elongation (% in 50mm) min	Hardness
				Rockwell C (HR C)	Brinell (HB)
2205	621	448	25	31 max	293 max

Physical Properties

The physical properties of grade 2205 stainless steels are tabulated below. Grade S31803 has similar physical properties to that of S32205.

Table 3 – Physical properties of 2205 grade stainless steels

Grade	Density (kg/m3)	Elastic Modulus (GPa)	Mean Co-eff of Thermal Expansion (μm/m/°C)			Thermal Conductivity (W/m.K)		Specific Heat 0-100°C ( J/kg.K)	Electrical Resistivity (nΩ.m)
			0-100°C	0-315°C	0-538°C	at 100°C	at 500°C
2205	782	190	13.7	14.2	–	19	–	418	850

Grade Specification Comparison

Table 4 provides the grade comparison for 2205 stainless steels. The values are a comparison of functionally similar materials. Exact equivalents may be obtained from the original specifications.

Table 4 – Grade specification comparisons for 2205 grade stainless steels

Grade	UNS No	Old British		Euronorm		Swedish SS	Japanese JIS
		BS	En	No	Name
2205	S31803 / S32205	318S13	–	1.4462	X2CrNiMoN22-5-3	2377	SUS 329J3L

Possible Alternative Grades

Given below is a list of possible alternative grades, which may be chosen in place of 2205.

Table 5 – Grade specification comparisons for 2205 grade stainless steels

Grade	Reasons for choosing the grade
904L	Better formability is needed, with similar corrosion resistance and lower strength.
UR52N+	High resistance to corrosion is required, e.g. resistance to higher temperature seawater.
6%Mo	Higher corrosion resistance is required, but with lower strength and better formability.
316L	The high corrosion resistance and strength of 2205 are not needed. 316L is lower cost.

Corrosion Resistance

Grade 2205 stainless steel exhibits excellent corrosion resistance, much higher than that of grade 316. It resists localized corrosion types like intergranular, crevice and pitting. The CPT of this type of stainless steel is around 35°C. This grade is resistant to chloride stress corrosion cracking (SCC) at temperatures of 150°C. Grade 2205 stainless steels are apt replacements to austenitic grades, especially in premature failure environments and marine environments.  

Heat Resistance

The high oxidation resistance property of Grade 2205 is marred by its embrittlement above 300°C. This embrittlement can be modified by a full solution annealing treatment. This grade performs well at temperatures below 300°C.

Heat Treatment

The best suited heat treatment for this grade is solution treatment (annealing), between 1020 – 1100°C, followed by rapid cooling. Grade 2205 can be work hardened but cannot be hardened by thermal methods.

Welding

Most standard welding methods suit this grade, except welding without filler metals, which results in excess ferrite. AS 1554.6 pre-qualifies welding for 2205 with 2209 rods or electrodes so that the deposited metal has the right balanced duplex structure.

Adding nitrogen to the shielding gas ensures that adequate austenite is added to the structure. The heat input must be maintained at a low level, and the use of pre or post heat must be avoided. The co-efficient of thermal expansion for this grade is low; hence the distortion and stresses are lesser than that in austenite grades.

Machining

The machinability of this grade is low due to its high strength. The cutting speeds are almost 20% lower than that of grade 304.

Fabrication

The fabrication of this grade is also affected by its strength. Bending and forming of this grade requires equipment with larger capacity. Ductility of grade 2205 is lesser than austenitic grades; therefore, cold heading is not possible on this grade. In order to carry out cold heading operations on this grade, intermediate annealing should be carried out.

Applications

Some of the typical applications of duplex steel grade 2205 are listed below:

• Oil and gas exploration
• Processing equipment
• Transport, storage and chemical processing
• High chloride and marine environments
• Paper machines, liquor tanks, pulp and paper digesters

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material for Duplex and Super Duplex

 

Duplex and Super Duplex

• 2022-01-05
 
• Posted by Wilson

Duplex

 

Duplex is a material that has approximately equal amounts of austenite and ferrite. These combine excellent corrosion resistance with high strength. Mechanical properties are approximately double those of singular austenitic steel and resistance to stress corrosion cracking is superior to type 316 stainless steel in chloride solutions. Duplex material has ductile or brittle transition at approximately -50 degrees. High Temperature use is usually restricted to a maximum temperature of 300 degrees for indefinite use due to embrittlement.

 

Duplex stainless steels have a mixed microstructure of austenite and ferrite, the aim being to produce a 50/50 mix, although in commercial alloys, the mix may be 40/60 respectively. Duplex steels have improved strength over austenitic stainless steels and also improved resistance to localised corrosion, particularly pitting, crevice corrosion and stress corrosion cracking. They are characterised by high chromium (19–28%) and molybdenum (up to 5%) and lower nickel contents than austenitic stainless steels. The most used Duplex Stainless Steel are the 2205 (22% Chromium, 5% Nickel) and 2507 (25% Chromium, 7% Nickel); the 2507 is also known as “Super Duplex” due to its higher corrosion resistance.

 

Super Duplex

 

Super duplex pipe is known to have better stress corrosion, cracking resistance and mechanical properties. The high corrosion resistance of super duplex pipeline supplies makes them ideal for onshore and offshore environments in oil and gas applications. Please see our industry pages for more information regarding the implications of Super Duplex piping. Super Duplex is an Austenitic Ferritic Iron Chromium – Nickel Alloys with Molybdenum addition. It has good resistance to pitting and a very high tensile strength and high resistance too stress corrosion cracking at moderate temperatures compared to that of conventional austenitic stainless steels.

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how about the Different Types of Metal Flanges?

 

What Are the Different Types of Metal Flanges?

• 2022-01-05
• 
  
• Posted by Wilson

Commonly found in plumbing applications, metal flanges provide a quick and easy method for joining lengths of pipe to one another. A flange consists of an external ring around one end of a structure, pipe, or tube that contains matching boltholes for easy assembly. In contrast, pipes that require joining but lack any flanges normally involve either welding or soldering as the joining method. There are several different types of metal flanges available to cover a wide variety of applications. These include the copper flanges, iron flanges, Super Duplex Stainless Steel Flanges, and stainless steel flanges; these are implemented as structural flanges, plumbing flanges, and even microwave flanges.

The types of metal flanges one may encounter often depends on their applications or uses. For example, water pipes generally use a copper or stainless steel flange, since a ductile ironflange can fail over time due to the natural result of rust forming when water reacts with iron. In other words, the product passing through any given flanged system dictates the appropriate materials used in the construction of the flanges, as well as in the tubing or piping itself.

Since such a wide variety of applications exists, one would expect a challenge in matching up specific sizes of metal flanges. A system of uniformity, however, helps make this task rather simple. In the U.S., a classification system from the American Society for Mechanical Engineers (ASME) helps to discern between these choices by providing a set of standards to follow when certain projects require it. For example, when a plumber or other mechanical contractor needs to repair or replace sections of an established plumbing system, any metal flanges he or she encounters are already classified into certain sizes. This makes replacement as easy as ordering the appropriate ASME flanges.

ASME is only an American piping standard, however, while other countries typically have their own classification systems. For example, the PN/DIN classification is used in many parts of Europe; the JIS/KS classification in Japan or Korea; and the BS10 in Britain or Australia. While anASME flange will mate to another ASME flange, it is unlikely that it would match one from another country’s classification system.

The types of metal flange designs may also change with each application. For example, high-pressure connections may incorporate a “tongue-and-groove” interface. An application of this sort consists of two mating metal flanges protruding slightly into another flange, which greatly reduces the chances of pressure seeping out of the connection. This can be crucial if the product leaking out happens to be something dangerous, like a flammable gas.

    

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datasheet ASME-Standards: ASME Boiler Pressure Code Section II Part A – Ferrous Material Specification

 

ASME-Standards: ASME Boiler Pressure Code Section II Part A – Ferrous Material Specification

• 2022-01-05
• 
  
• Posted by Wilson

ASME-Standards

ASME Boiler Pressure Code Section II Part A – Ferrous Material Specification

ASME
SA 213 / SA 213M	Seamless ferritic and austenitic alloy steel boiler, superheater and heat exchanger tubes
SA 268 / SA 268M	Seamless and welded ferritic and martensitic stainless steel tubing for general service
SA 269 / SA 269M	Seamless and welded austenitic stainless steel tubing for general service
SA 312 / SA 312M	Seamless and welded austenitic stainless steel pipes
SA 376 / SA 376M	Seamless austenitic steel pipe for high-temperature central-station service
SA 511	Seamless stainless steel mechanical tubing
SA 789 / SA 789M	Seamless and welded ferritic-austenitic stainless steel tubing for general service
SA 790 / SA 790M	Seamless and welded ferritic-austenitic stainless steel pipe

    

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how about the datasheet ASTM-Standards: Section Two: Nonferrous Metals Nickel and others

 

ASTM-Standards: Section Two: Nonferrous Metals Nickel and others

• 2022-01-05
• 
  
• Posted by Wilson

ASTM-Standards

Section Two: Nonferrous Metals Nickel and others*

ASTM Volume 02.04
B 161	Nickel seamless pipe and tube (UNS N02200; N02201)
B 163	Seamless nickel and nickel alloy condenser and heat exchanger tubes (e.g. UNS N02200; N04400; N06600; N08800)
B 165	Nickel-copper alloy (UNS N04400), seamless nickel pipe and tube
B 167	Nickel-chromium-iron alloys (UNS N06600, N06601 and N06690), seamless pipe and tube
B 407	Nickel-iron-chromium alloys (UNS N08800; N08810; N08811), seamless pipe and tube
B 423	Nickel-iron-chromium-molybdenum-copper alloys (UNS N08825), pipe and tube
B 444	Nickel-chromium-molybdenum-columbium alloys (UNS N06625), pipe and tube
B 622	Seamless nickel and nickel-cobalt alloy pipe and tube (e.g. UNS N06455; N06059; N10276, N06002)
B 668	Seamless tubes (UNS N08028)
B 677	Seamless pipe and tube (UNS N08904; N08925; N08926)
B 729	Seamless pipe and tube (UNS N08020; N08026; N08024)

*Note: Section Two: Nonferrous Metals Nickel, Cobalt, Lead, Tin, Zinc, Cadmium, Precious, Reactive, Refractory Metals and Alloys; Materials for Thermostats, Electrical Heating and Resistance Contacts, and Connectors

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-how about the Standards: Section One: Iron and Steel Products Steel – Piping, Tubing, Fittings

 

STM-Standards: Section One: Iron and Steel Products Steel – Piping, Tubing, Fittings

• 2022-01-05
• 
  
• Posted by Wilson

ASTM-Standards

Section One: Iron and Steel Products Steel – Piping, Tubing, Fittings

ASTM Volume 01.01
A 213 / A 213M	Seamless ferritic and austenitic alloy steel boiler, superheater and heat exchanger tubes
A 268 / A 268M	Seamless and welded ferritic and martensitic stainless steel tubing for general service
A 269 / A 269M	Seamless and welded austenitic stainless steel tubing for general service
A 312 / A 312M	Seamless and welded austenitic stainless steel pipes
A 376 / A 376M	Seamless austenitic steel pipe for high-temperature central-station service
A 511	Seamless stainless steel mechanical tubing
A 789 / A 789M	Seamless and welded ferritic-austenitic stainless steel tubing for general service
A 790 / A 790M	Seamless and welded ferritic-austenitic stainless steel pipe

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the Stainless Steel Pipes Standard&Grade

 

Stainless Steel Pipes Standard&Grade

• 2022-01-05
 
• Posted by Wilson

SGS/BV/MOODY/TUV/Lloyd’s/ABS etc. third party inspection are available. The stainless steel tube and pipe from wilsonpipeline meets mainly the following Standards/Norms and grades. Here you will see some informations about our materials and products.

Section One: Iron and Steel Products Steel – Piping, Tubing, Fittings

Section Two: Nonferrous Metals Nickel and others

ASME Boiler Pressure Code Section II Part A – Ferrous Material Specification

ASME Boiler Pressure Code Section II Part B – Non-Ferrous Material

Stainless and heat resisting steels

Comparison Sheet For General Stainless Steel Grades

Chemical Composition List For General Stainless Steel Grade

Chemical Composition List For Special Austenitic Grades

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the Glossary of Terms

 

Glossary of Terms

• 2022-01-05
• 
  
• Posted by Wilson

Age Hardening
Martensitic stainless steels are hardened by heating above their critical temperature, holding them at heat to insure uniform temperature, and cooling them rapidly by quenching in air or oil.

Alloying Element
The adding of any metallic element in stainless steel production in order to increase hardness, strength, or corrosion resistance. Molybdenum, nickel, and chromium are common alloying elements in stainless steel.

Alloy Surcharge 
The producer’s selling price plus a surcharge added to offset the increasing costs of raw materials caused by increasing alloy prices.

Annealing (Solution Annealing)
A process of heating cold stainless steel to obtain maximum softness and ductility by heat treatment which also produces a homogeneous structure (in austenitic grades) or a 50/50 mixture of austenite and ferrite (in duplex grades). It relieves stresses that have built up during cold working and insures maximum corrosion resistance. Annealing can produce scale on the surface that must be removed by pickling.

Austenitic Stainless Steel
Non-magnetic stainless steels that contain nickel and chromium sufficient to develop and retain the austenitic phase at room temperature. Austenitic stainless steels are the most widely used category of stainless steel.

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Centerless Grinding
An operation whereby the surface of a bar is ground without using a lathe.

Chloride Stress Corrosion Cracking
Cracking due to the combination of tensile stress and corrosion in the presence of water and chlorides.

Chromium (Cr)
An alloying element that is used in stainless steel to deter corrosion.

Cold Finished Bars
Hot rolled stainless steel bars that are annealed and cold worked to produce a higher surface quality and higher strength.

Cold Forming (Cold Working)
Any mechanical operation that creates permanent deformation, such as bending, rolling, drawing, etc., performed at room temperature that increases the hardness and strength of the stainless steel.

Continuous Casting
Processes of pouring stainless steel into a billet, bloom, or slab directly from the furnace. This process avoids the need for large, expensive mills and also saves time because the slabs solidify in minutes rather than the several hours it takes for an ingot to form.

Corrosion
The attack upon metals by chemical agents converting them to non-metallic products. Stainless steel has a passive film created by the presence of chromium (and often other alloying elements – nickel, molybdenum) that resists this process.

Corrosion Fatigue
Cracking due to repeating and fluctuating stresses in a corrosive environment.

Corrosion Resistance
A metal’s ability to resist corrosion in a particular environment.

Crevice Corrosion
Corrosion of stainless steel on the surface that is fully shielded from air such that the passive film cannot be created to resist the corrosion.

Cut-to-Length
Cutting flat-rolled stainless steel into desired length and then normally shipping it flat-stacked.

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Duplex 
Stainless steel comprised of austenitic and ferritic stainless steels that contain high amounts of chromium and nickel. This combination is stronger than both of the inpidual stainless steels. Duplex stainless steels are highly resistant to corrosion and cracking.

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Elongation
A measurement of ductility expressed in terms of the stretch having occurred over a given length on a standard tensile specimen at time of fracture, usually based upon an original length of 2 inches.

Erosion-Corrosion
An accelerated loss of material concerning corrosion and erosion that results from corrosive material interacting with the material.

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Fabricator
An intermediate product producer that purchases materials and processes them specifically for a particular project.

Fatigue
A condition leading to the eventual fracture of a material due to constant or repeated stresses that exert less pressure than the tensile strength of the material.

Ferrite 
The body-centered cubic crystalline phase of iron-based alloys.

Ferritic
Magnetic stainless steels that have a low carbon content and contain chromium as the main alloying element, usually between 13% and 17%. It is the second most widely used stainless steel. Ferritic stainless steels are generally used in automotive trim and exhaust systems, hot water tanks, and interior architectural trim.

Ferroalloy
Metal products such as ferrochrome, ferromanganese, and ferrosilicon that are commonly used as raw materials to aid various stages in stainless steel making.

Ferrochrome
A common raw material in stainless steel production. This alloy consists of iron and up to 72% chromium.

Finish
The final condition of the surface after the last phase of production.

Finishing Facilities
These facilities process semi-finished stainless steel into ready-made forms that can be used by others. Some facilities are rolling mills, pickle lines, tandem mills, annealing facilities, and temper mills.

Flat-Rolled Stainless Steel (Flat Product)
Category of stainless steel that includes shapes such as sheet, strip, and plate.

Forming
A process that brings about a change in the shape of stainless steel by the application of force (i.e. cold forming, hot forming, wire forming).

Free-Machining
A stainless steel to which a small amount of some relatively insoluble element (such as sulfur, selenium) is added to create a minute and widely distributed soft phase that acts as chip breakers during machining.

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Galvanic Corrosion
Accelerated corrosion of a metal because of an electrical contact with a more noble metal or non-metallic conductor in a corrosive electrolyte.

Gauge
The thickness of a certain stainless steel.

General Corrosion
General corrosion is the term used to describe the attack that proceeds in a relatively uniform manner over the entire surface of a metal. Typically, stainless steels do not exhibit general corrosion.

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Heat Treatment
Altering the properties of stainless steel by subjecting it to a series of temperature changes. To increase the hardness, strength, or ductility of stainless steel so that it is suitable for additional applications.

Hot Forming
Hot forming operations are used widely in the fabrication of stainless steel to take advantage of their lower resistance to shape change. High temperature reduces their yield strengths, and this results in a marked lowering of the force that is required to bring about plastic movement or flow from one shape to another (hot rolling, hot stretching, etc.).

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Impact Test
Impact testing is used to measure the toughness of a material, corresponding to the energy necessary to cause fracture under shock loading. Low toughness is generally associated with brittle shear fracture and high toughness with ductile plastic tearing.

Intergranular Corrosion
Preferential corrosion cracking at or along the grain boundaries of a metal.

Intergranular Stress Corrosion Cracking
Stress corrosion cracking in which the cracking occurs along grain boundaries.

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Life Cycle Costing
An accounting method of costing where expenses are allocated over the life of the product. Life cycle costs are often lower for stainless steel than for alternatives despite a higher initial outlay because stainless products generally last longer and require little maintenance.

Long Products
Category of stainless steel that includes rods, bars, and structural products that are described as long rather than flat.

Low-Carbon Stainless Steel
Stainless steel containing less than 0.03% carbon.

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Martensite
A hard supersaturated solid solution of iron characterized by an acicular (needle-like) microstructure.

Martensitic
A small category of magnetic stainless steels typically containing 12% chromium, a moderate level of carbon, and a very low level of nickel.

Mechanical Properties (Physical Properties)
Properties determined by mechanical testing, such as yield strength, ductility, ultimate tensile strength, hardness, bendability, impact strength, etc.

Molybdenum (Mo)
An alloying element that enhances corrosion resistance along with chromium in stainless steels.

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Nickel (Ni)
An alloying element used in stainless steels to enhance ductility and corrosion resistance.

Nickel-Based Superalloys
Alloy metal produced for high-performance, high-temperature applications such as nickel-iron-chrome alloys and nickel-chrome-iron alloys.

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Passivation
When exposed in air, stainless steels passivate naturally (due to the presence of chromium), but the time required can vary. In order to ensure that the passive layer reforms rapidly after pickling, a passivation treatment is performed using a solution of nitric acid and water.

Passive 
A characteristic condition of stainless steels which impedes normal corrosion tendencies to the point where the metal remains virtually unattacked — hence, passive to its environment.

Pickling
A process that removes surface scale and oxidation products by immersion in a chemically active solution, such as sulfuric or hydrochloric acid.

Plate
Stainless steel measuring more than 10 inches wide with a thickness ranging from 3/16 of an inch and over.

Precipitation Hardening (PH)
A small category of stainless steels resembling martensitic stainless steels that have great strength and hardness due to heat treatment.

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Service Center
An operation that buys metal, stores it (often processing it in some way), and then sells it in a slightly different form than it was purchased from the producing mills.

Shearing 
Trimming of the edges of sheet strip to make them parallel. This is done at either the stainless steel mill or at the stainless steel processor.

Slab
A very common type of semi-finished stainless steel which usually measures 6-10 inches thick by 30-85 inches wide and averages 20 feet long. After casting, slabs are sent to a strip mill where they are rolled and coiled into sheet and plate products.

Solution Heat Treatment
Heating a metal to a high temperature and maintaining it long enough for one or more constituents to enter the solid solution. The solution is then cooled rapidly to retain the constituents within.

Specialty Alloys
Metals with distinct chemical and physical properties. These alloys are produced for very specific applications and considered to be on the low end of superalloys.

Specialty Steel
Category of steel that includes electric, alloy, stainless, and tool steels.

Stainless Steel
Group of corrosion-resistant steels containing at least 10.5% chromium which may also contain other alloying elements. These steels resist corrosion and maintain their strength at high temperatures.

Strength
The ability of stainless steel to oppose applied forces when considering resistance to stretching, forming, compressing, etc.

Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC)
Slowly developing cracks that form in stainless steel due to mechanical stress and exposure to a corrosive environment.

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Vacuum Oxygen Decarburization (VOD)
A refinement of stainless steel that reduces carbon content. Molten, unrefined stainless steel is heated and stirred by an electrical current while oxygen enters from the top. Many undesirable gases escape from the stainless steel and are evacuated by a vacuum pump. Alloys and other additives are then mixed in to refine the molten stainless steel further.

Vanadium (V)
A gray metal that is normally used as an alloying agent for iron and stainless steel. It is also used as a strengthener of titanium-based alloys.

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Width
The lateral dimensions of rolled stainless steel, as opposed to the length or the gauge. If width of the stainless steel strip is not controlled during rolling, the edges must be trimmed.

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detail size data AS 4087:2004 PN16 Flange

  

AS 4087:2004 PN16 Flange

• 2022-01-05
 
• Posted by Wilson

PN16			FLANGE THICKNESS	DRILLING DATA			PN16
NOMINAL  PIPE SIZE		FLANGE OUTSIDE DIAMETER	THICKNESS OF  FLANGE	PITCH CIRCLE DIAMETER	BOLT HOLE DIAMETER	NUMBER OF BOLT HOLES	NOMINAL  PIPE SIZE
MM	INCH	OD	T	PCD	H	#	MM	INCH
50	2	150	11	114	18	4	50	2
65	2  1/2	165	11	127	18	4	65	2  1/2
80	3	185	11	146	18	4	80	3
100	4	215	13	178	18	4	100	4
150	6	280	13	235	18	8	150	6
200	8	335	19	292	18	8	200	8
225	9	370	19	324	18	8	225	9
250	10	405	19	356	22	8	250	10
300	12	455	23	406	22	12	300	12
350	14	525	30	470	26	12	350	14
375	15	550	30	495	26	12	375	15
400	16	580	30	521	26	12	400	16
450	18	640	30	584	26	12	450	18
500	20	705	38	641	26	16	500	20
600	24	825	48	756	30	16	600	24
700	28	910	56	845	30	20	700	28
750	30	995	56	927	33	20	750	30
800	32	1060	56	984	36	20	800	32
900	36	1175	66	1092	36	24	900	36
1000	40	1255	66	1175	36	24	1000	40
1200	48	1490	76	1410	36	32	1200	48
Notes: (1)Flat face and Raised face or “O” ring groove also available. (2) For special design, pls make an enquiry here.

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